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In the natural sciences, especially in atmospheric and Earth sciences involving applied statistics, an anomaly is a persisting deviation in a physical quantity from its expected value, e.g., the systematic difference between a measurement and a trend or a model prediction. [1]
In astronomy, an anomaly of an elliptical orbit, generally measured with respect to an apsis, usually the periapsis Anomalous precession , another term for "apsidal precession" Eccentric anomaly , an intermediate value used to compute the position of a celestial object as a function of time
Many attempts have been made in the statistical and computer science communities to define an anomaly. The most prevalent ones include the following, and can be categorised into three groups: those that are ambiguous, those that are specific to a method with pre-defined thresholds usually chosen empirically, and those that are formally defined:
Anomalies represent challenges to be puzzled out and solved within the prevailing paradigm. Only if an anomaly or series of anomalies resists successful deciphering long enough and for enough members of the scientific community will the paradigm itself gradually come under challenge during what Kuhn deems a crisis of normal science. [12]
Henry Bauer, emeritus professor of science studies at Virginia Tech, writes that anomalistics is "a politically correct term for the study of bizarre claims", [5] while David J. Hess of the Department of Science and Technology Studies at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute describes it as being "the scientific study of anomalies defined as ...
In physics, quantum mechanics, and quantum field theory, an anomaly is a breaking of a symmetry which exists at the classical level. Anomalous global symmetries are often consistent, but anomalous gauge symmetries are usually inconsistent.
In quantum physics an anomaly or quantum anomaly is the failure of a symmetry of a theory's classical action to be a symmetry of any regularization of the full quantum theory. [1] [2] In classical physics, a classical anomaly is the failure of a symmetry to be restored in the limit in which the symmetry-breaking parameter goes to zero.
Shown are mean anomaly and true anomaly for two units of time. (Note that for visual simplicity, a non-overlapping circular orbit is diagrammed, thus this circular orbit with same orbital period is not shown in true scale with this elliptical orbit: for scale to be true for the two orbits of equal period, these orbits must intersect.)