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  2. Forge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge

    A gas forge typically uses propane or natural gas as the fuel. One common, efficient design uses a cylindrical forge chamber and a burner tube mounted at a right angle to the body. The chamber is typically lined with refractory materials such as a hard castable refractory ceramic or a soft ceramic thermal blanket (ex: Kaowool). The burner mixes ...

  3. Tuyere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyere

    A finery forge contained finery and chafery hearths, usually one of the latter and one to three of the former. Each hearth was equipped with its own set of bellows, blowing into it through a tuyere. The blacksmith's hearth at their forge has a tuyere, often blown by foot-operated bellows. Tuyeres were also used in smelting lead and copper in ...

  4. Tatara (furnace) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)

    It takes about a week to build the tatara and complete the iron conversion to steel. When the process is done, the clay tub is broken and the steel bloom, known as a kera , is removed. At the end of the process, the tatara will have consumed about 9.1 t (9.0 long tons; 10.0 short tons) of satetsu and 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons) of ...

  5. Steelmaking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking

    The hot blast temperature ranges from 900 to 1,300 °C (1,650 to 2,370 °F) depending on the design and condition. Oil, tar, natural gas, powdered coal and oxygen can be injected to combine with the coke to release additional energy and increase the percentage of reducing gases present, increasing productivity. Hot blast air is typically heated ...

  6. Wood gas generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_gas_generator

    Dodge V10 hauling hay with woodgas.Keith gasifier system Santa-Go, Kanagawa Chuo Kotsu Co., Ltd.. A wood gas generator is a gasification unit which converts timber or charcoal into wood gas, a producer gas consisting of atmospheric nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, traces of methane, and other gases, which – after cooling and filtering – can then be used to power an internal combustion ...

  7. Forge welding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge_welding

    Forge welding (FOW), also called fire welding, is a solid-state welding process [1] that joins two pieces of metal by heating them to a high temperature and then hammering them together. [2] It may also consist of heating and forcing the metals together with presses or other means, creating enough pressure to cause plastic deformation at the ...

  8. Bloomery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomery

    The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast furnace and the means to both cast iron and to decarburize the carbon-rich pig iron produced in a blast ...

  9. Cupola furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola_furnace

    Drop-bottom cupola furnace Personal protective equipment to shield from radiant heat and molten splashes. Cupola furnaces were built in China as early as the Warring States period (403–221 BC), [4] although Donald Wagner writes that some iron ore melted in the blast furnace may have been cast directly into molds.