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An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
While usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, also known as human herpesvirus 4, which is a member of the herpesvirus family, [3] a few other viruses [3] and the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii [7] may also cause the disease. It is primarily spread through saliva but can rarely be spread through semen or blood. [2]
Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. Infections occur through contact with these bodily fluids or with contaminated ...
Zoonoses have different modes of transmission. In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from non-humans to humans through media such as air (influenza) or bites and saliva (rabies). [13] In contrast, transmission can also occur via an intermediate species (referred to as a vector), which carry the disease pathogen without getting ...
The envelope is joined to the capsid through a tegument. This complete particle is known as the virion. [27] HSV-1 and HSV-2 each contain at least 74 genes (or open reading frames, ORFs) within their genomes, [28] although speculation over gene crowding allows as many as 84 unique protein coding genes by 94 putative ORFs. [29]
Some infectious diseases can be spread via respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and nose, as when a person sneezes. A respiratory droplet is a small aqueous droplet produced by exhalation, consisting of saliva or mucus and other matter derived from respiratory tract surfaces. Respiratory droplets are produced naturally as a result of ...
This is achieved through low concentrations of cross-kingdom metabolites, such as farnesol, derived from the biofilm. [9] It has been suggested that when both microbes are present, more biofilm matrix is produced, with a greater density. [9] When farnesol is in high concentration, it inhibits the growth of both S. mutans and C. albicans. [9]
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.