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Serotonin and tryptophan have been found in chocolate with varying cocoa contents. The highest serotonin content (2.93 μg/g) was found in chocolate with 85% cocoa, and the highest tryptophan content (13.27–13.34 μg/g) was found in 70–85% cocoa. The intermediate in the synthesis from tryptophan to serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, was not found.
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH; EC 1.14.16.4) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5HT). 5HT is causally involved in numerous central nervous activities, and it has several functions in peripheral tissues, including the maintenance of vascular tone and gut motility.[supplied by OMIM] [7]
Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is an isoenzyme of tryptophan hydroxylase which in humans is encoded by the TPH1 gene. [5] TPH1 was first discovered to support serotonin synthesis in 1988 by converting tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan. [6] It was thought that there only was a single TPH gene until 2003.
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.16.4) involved in the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. Tyrosine hydroxylase , phenylalanine hydroxylase , and tryptophan hydroxylase together constitute the family of biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases .
A common example of an indolamine is the tryptophan derivative serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep. [1] Another example of an indolamine is melatonin . In biochemistry , indolamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group.
L-Tryptophan to tryptamine – a trace amine neuromodulator; 5-HTP to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) – a neurotransmitter; However, some of these reactions do not seem to bear much or any biological significance. For example, histamine is biosynthesised strictly via the enzyme histidine decarboxylase in humans and other organisms. [10] [11]
There is evidence that blood tryptophan levels are unlikely to be altered by changing the diet, [27] [28] but consuming purified tryptophan increases the serotonin level in the brain, whereas eating foods containing tryptophan does not. [29] In 2001 a Cochrane review of the effect of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression was published. The authors ...
Figure 5 is a more general scheme of the reaction pathway from serotonin to melatonin. The number 2.1.1.4 refers to the Enzyme Commission Number (EC Number) for N- Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. These two steps are embedded in the highly involved tryptophan metabolism pathway. [13] Figure 5: Pathway serotonin → melatonin