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  2. Expanded clay aggregate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate

    Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) or expanded clay (exclay) is a lightweight aggregate made by heating clay to around 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in a rotary kiln. The heating process causes gases trapped in the clay to expand, forming thousands of small bubbles and giving the material a porous structure.

  3. Smectite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smectite

    In clay mineralogy, smectite is synonym of montmorillonite (also the name of a pure clay mineral phase) to indicate a class of swelling clays. The term smectite is commonly used in Europe and in the UK while the term montmorillonite is preferred in North America, but both terms are equivalent and can be used interchangeably.

  4. 18-Crown-6 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-Crown-6

    For example, using 18-crown-6, potassium acetate is a more powerful nucleophile in organic solvents: [1] [K·(18-crown-6)] + AcO − + C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl → C 6 H 5 CH 2 OAc + [K·(18-crown-6)] + Cl −. The first electride salt to be examined with X-ray crystallography, [Cs(18-crown-6) 2] + ·e −, was synthesized in 1983. This highly air- and ...

  5. Unified Soil Classification System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Soil...

    If the soil has more than 15% by weight retained on a #4 sieve (R #4 > 15%), there is a significant amount of gravel, and the suffix "with gravel" may be added to the group name, but the group symbol does not change. For example, SP-SM could refer to "poorly graded SAND with silt" or "poorly graded SAND with silt and gravel."

  6. Universal Soil Loss Equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation

    The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a widely used mathematical model that describes soil erosion processes. [1]Erosion models play critical roles in soil and water resource conservation and nonpoint source pollution assessments, including: sediment load assessment and inventory, conservation planning and design for sediment control, and for the advancement of scientific understanding.

  7. Soil chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_chemistry

    Soil chemistry is the study of the chemical characteristics of soil.Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. In the early 1870s a consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society in England, named J. Thomas Way, performed many experiments on how soils exchange ions, and is considered the father of soil chemistry. [1]

  8. Erodibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erodibility

    Soil erodibility is a lumped parameter that represents an integrated annual value of the soil profile reaction to the process of soil detachment and transport by raindrops and surface flow. [1] The most commonly used model for predicting soil loss from water erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) (also known as the K-factor ...

  9. Laterite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterite

    Soil layers, from soil down to bedrock: A represents soil; B represents laterite, a regolith; C represents saprolite, a less-weathered regolith; below C is bedrock Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting ...