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Once the kernel has started, it starts the init process, [20] a daemon which then bootstraps the user space, for example by checking and mounting file systems, and starting up other processes. The init system is the first daemon to start (during booting) and the last daemon to terminate (during shutdown). Systemd load is a runlevel target to ...
Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes . Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die for any reason.
In Linux systems, initrd (initial ramdisk) is a scheme for loading a temporary root file system into memory, to be used as part of the Linux startup process. initrd and initramfs (from INITial RAM File System) refer to two different methods of achieving this.
OpenRC is a dependency-based init system for Unix-like computer operating systems.It was created by Roy Marples, a NetBSD developer who was also active in the Gentoo project. [3] [4] It became more broadly adopted as an init system outside of Gentoo following the decision by some Linux distributions not to adopt systemd.
The systemd daemon serves as the root of the user space's process tree; the first process (PID 1) has a special role on Unix systems, as it replaces the parent of a process when the original parent terminates. Therefore, the first process is particularly well suited for the purpose of monitoring daemons.
runit is an init and service management scheme for Unix-like Operating systems that initializes, supervises, and ends processes throughout the operating system. Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools [3] process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems, as well as BSD, and Solaris operating systems.
Snap is a software packaging and deployment system developed by Canonical for operating systems that use the Linux kernel and the systemd init system. The packages, called snaps, and the tool for using them, snapd, work across a range of Linux distributions [3] and allow upstream software developers to distribute their applications directly to users.
Although systemd is, as of 2016, used by default in most major Linux distributions, runlevels can still be used through the means provided by the sysvinit project. After the Linux kernel has booted, the /sbin/init program reads the /etc/inittab file to determine the behavior for each runlevel.