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For example, Internet Protocol is connectionless, in that a data packet can travel from a sender to a recipient without the recipient having to send an acknowledgement. Connection-oriented protocols exist at other, higher layers of the OSI model. Host addressing Every host in the network must have a unique address that determines where it is.
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP) [2] NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Network Data Representation (NDR) [2] Tox, The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer; eXternal Data Representation (XDR) [2] X.25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler Protocol (PAD)
Since a forwarding decision must be made for every packet handled by a node, the total time required for this can become a major limiting factor in overall network performance. Much of the design effort of high-speed routers and switches has been focused on making rapid forwarding decisions for large numbers of packets.
Link-state routing protocols are one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer communications, the others being distance-vector routing protocols. [1] Examples of link-state routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). [2]
Control plane: A router maintains a routing table that lists which route should be used to forward a data packet, and through which physical interface connection. It does this using internal pre-configured directives, called static routes, or by learning routes dynamically using a routing protocol. Static and dynamic routes are stored in the ...
ECMP animation using IEEE 802.1aq protocol. Equal-cost multi-path routing (ECMP) is a routing strategy where packet forwarding to a single destination can occur over multiple best paths with equal routing priority. Multi-path routing can be used in conjunction with most routing protocols because it is a per-hop local decision made independently ...
A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate and share information about the topology of the network, and the capabilities of each routing node. Different protocols are often used for different topologies or different application areas. For example, the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is generally used within an enterprise and ...
Flooding is used in computer network routing algorithms in which every incoming packet is sent through every outgoing link except the one it arrived on. [ 1 ] Flooding is used in bridging and in systems such as Usenet and peer-to-peer file sharing and as part of some routing protocols , including OSPF , DVMRP , and those used in ad-hoc wireless ...