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Titanium powder is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process [77] that is similar to the batch production Hunter process. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then ...
The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium from titanium tetrachloride. As of 2001 William Justin Kroll's process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production. [1]
The traditional technique of titanium production is via the Kroll process which involves chlorination of TiO 2 ore in the presence of carbon and reacting the resulting TiCl 4 with magnesium to produce titanium sponge. These processes take place at temperatures as high as 1040 °C.
In the Kroll process, TiCl 4 is reduced by magnesium instead of sodium. Both methods share the same initial step, obtaining TiCl 4 from ore by chlorination and carbothermic reduction of the oxygen. The Kroll process is now the most commonly used titanium smelting process. [3] [4] The Hunter process was conducted in either one or two steps.
The Armstrong process is used to refine titanium.Its output is particle-sized dust which can be sprayed into pattern-molds. [1] [2] [3] It was patented in 1999. [4]The output of this process has a "coral-like morphology", which differs from the traditional outputs like "spherical gas-atomized powder, mechanically crushed angular particles, or the titanium sponge morphology created during the ...
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, [1] [2] [3] and in 1954 U.S. patent 2845386A was awarded to Carl Marcus Olson for the production of metals like titanium by reduction of the metal oxide by a molten salt reducing agent in a specific gravity apparatus.
The titanium is fed into the process in form of ore together with the coke. Titanium ore is a mixture of oxides. The added O 2 leaves the process with the product TiO 2, the added coke leaves the process together with the added oxygen from the titanium ore in form of CO and CO 2. The other fed metals leave the process in form of metal chlorides ...
Titanium alloys have been extensively used for the manufacturing of metal orthopedic joint replacements and bone plate surgeries. They are normally produced from wrought or cast bar stock by CNC , CAD -driven machining, or powder metallurgy production.