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The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium from titanium tetrachloride. As of 2001 William Justin Kroll 's process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production.
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, [1] [2] [3] and in 1954 U.S. patent 2845386A was awarded to Carl Marcus Olson for the production of metals like titanium by reduction of the metal oxide by a molten salt reducing agent in a specific gravity apparatus.
In the Kroll process, TiCl 4 is reduced by magnesium instead of sodium. Both methods share the same initial step, obtaining TiCl 4 from ore by chlorination and carbothermic reduction of the oxygen. The Kroll process is now the most commonly used titanium smelting process. [3] [4] The Hunter process was conducted in either one or two steps.
The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide. [58] An extraction of 95% pure titanium was achieved by Lars Fredrik Nilson and Otto Petterson.
The titanium is fed into the process in form of ore together with the coke. Titanium ore is a mixture of oxides. The added O 2 leaves the process with the product TiO 2, the added coke leaves the process together with the added oxygen from the titanium ore in form of CO and CO 2. The other fed metals leave the process in form of metal chlorides ...
Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct ...
In oxidizing roasting, if the temperature and gas conditions are such that the sulfide feed is completely oxidized, the process is known as "dead roasting". Sometimes, as in the case of pre-treating reverberatory or electric smelting furnace feed, the roasting process is performed with less than the required amount of oxygen to fully oxidize ...
The HAMR technology also entails a two step process, starting with TiO 2 under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. The product TiH 2 can be further processed to titanium metal through standard methods. The reduction of titanium oxides to titanium metal using magnesium does not occur. The novelty of the HAMR process is the inclusion of hydrogen. [3]