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P. arundinacea is also planted as a hay crop or for forage. This species of Phalaris may also be used as a source for the psychedelic drugs DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin), as well as Hordenine and 5-MeO-NMT; [9] however, N,N-DMT is considered most desirable.
Some Phalaris species contain gramine, which, in sheep and to a lesser extent in cattle, is toxic and can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage, and death. [1] [2] Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris aquatica, and Phalaris brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin).
Phragmites australis, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine and gramine in the rhizome. [78] None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica. [75]
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or N,N-DMT) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including humans, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. [1] [2] [3] DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen. [9]
5-MeO-DMT is lipophilic and is thought to easily cross the blood–brain barrier. [2] Accordingly, 5-MeO-DMT readily accumulates in the brain in animals with levels higher than in blood. [2] This is in notable contrast to bufotenin (5-HO-DMT or N,N-dimethylserotonin) and serotonin (5-HT), which are hydrophilic and peripherally selective. [2 ...
5-MeO-NMT is a potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT 1A, 5-HT 2A, 5-HT 2B, and 5-HT 2C receptors. [3] It is a full agonist or near-full agonist of all of these receptors except for the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor, where it is a partial agonist. [3]
Phalaris canariensis resembles Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), a perennial forage crop and a wild grass. Although heads of both crops are panicles, Phalaris canariensis heads resemble club wheat. This large, coarse grass has erect, hairless stems, usually from 2 to 6 feet (0.61 to 1.83 m) tall.
Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) differs from Harding grass in having more distinct rhizomes, and an inflorescence that is compact at first but becomes more open as the branches spread. Hybrids of Harding grass and reed canary grass have been produced. Varieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'.