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Sumer (or Šumer) was one of the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East, [6] located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. [7] [6] The term "Sumerian" applies to all speakers of the Sumerian language.
The Fertile Crescent saw the rise and fall of many great civilizations that made the region one of the most vibrant and colorful in history, including empires like that of the Assyrians and Babylonians, and influential trade kingdoms, such as the Lydians and Phoenicians. In Anatolia, the Hittites were probably the first people to use iron weapons.
There were many kingdoms and empires in all regions of the continent of Africa throughout history. A kingdom is a state with a king or queen as its head. [1] An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant centre and subordinate peripheries".
The home and colonial areas of the world's empires in 1908, as given by The Harmsworth Atlas and Gazetteer. Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area it claimed.
Sub-Saharan Africa was home to many different civilizations. In Nubia, the Kingdom of Kush was succeeded by the Christian kingdoms of Makuria, Alodia, and Nobatia. In the 7th century, Makuria conquered Nobatia to become the dominant power in the region and resisted Muslim expansion. [272]
Soon after the Sumerian civilization began, the Nile valley of Lower and Upper Egypt was unified under the Pharaohs approximately around 3150 BC. Since then, Ancient Egypt experienced 3 high points of civilization, the so-called "Kingdom" periods: The Old Kingdom (2686–2181), The Middle Kingdom (2055–1650) and, most notably,
The term "great power" has only been used in historiography and political science since the Congress of Vienna in 1815. [1]Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context in 1814 in reference to the Treaty of Chaumont.
The region of Nubia was an early cradle of civilization, producing several complex societies that engaged in trade and industry. [8] The city-state of Kerma emerged as the dominant political force between 2450 and 1450 BC, controlling the Nile Valley between the first and fourth cataracts, an area as large as Egypt. The Egyptians were the first ...