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The negative impedance converter (NIC) is an active circuit which injects energy into circuits in contrast to an ordinary load that consumes energy from them. This is achieved by adding or subtracting excessive varying voltage in series to the voltage drop across an equivalent positive impedance.
Its schematic can be seen in figure 1. It is an inverting converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage. The main advantage of this converter is the continuous currents at the input and output of the converter. The main disadvantage is the high current stress on the switch. [4] Fig. 1: Cuk converter circuit diagram.
A log amplifier, which may spell log as logarithmic or logarithm and which may abbreviate amplifier as amp or be termed as a converter, is an electronic amplifier that for some range of input voltage has an output voltage approximately proportional to the logarithm of the input:
An ideal 4-stage Dickson multiplier (5× multiplier) with an input of 1.5 V would have an output of 7.5 V. However, a diode-wired MOSFET 4-stage multiplier might only have an output of 2 V. Adding parallel MOSFETs in the linear region improves this to around 4 V. More complex circuits still can achieve an output much closer to the ideal case. [7]
Switched-mode power supplies have become widespread in the early twenty-first century; they are smaller and lighter than the once-universal transformer converters, and are often designed to work from AC mains at any voltage between 100 and 250 V. Additionally, because they are typically rectified to operate at a DC voltage, they are minimally ...
Charge amplifiers are usually constructed using an operational amplifier or other high gain semiconductor circuit with a negative feedback capacitor C f. Into the inverting node flow the input charge signal q in and the feedback charge q f from the output. According to Kirchhoff's circuit laws they compensate each other.
Certain specialized circuits can also be considered power converters, such as the flyback transformer subsystem powering a CRT, generating high voltage at approximately 15 kHz. Consumer electronics usually include an AC adapter (a type of power supply ) to convert mains-voltage AC current to low-voltage DC suitable for consumption by microchips.