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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
List of Mauryan emperors: Chola Empire: 848–1279 Chakravartigal [1] ("ideal universal ruler") List of Tamil monarchs: Mughal Empire: 1526–1857 Padishah ("Master King") Shahenshah ("King of Kings") List of Mughal emperors: Indian Empire [a] 1877–1947 King-Emperor: Emperor of India: East Asia Imperial China: 221 BC–1912 皇帝, pronounced ...
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
Since Charlemagne, the realm was merely referred to as the Roman Empire. [35] The term sacrum ("holy", in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa ("Holy Empire"): the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the Papacy. [36]
Asante Empire: 1670: 1902: 232 Assyrian Empire: 2025 BC: 609 BC: 1416 Aulikara Empire: 528: 550: 22 Austria-Hungary: 1867: 1918: 51 Austrian Empire: 1804: 1867: 63 Avar Khaganate: 567 822 255 Ayutthaya Kingdom: 1351: 1767: 416 Aztec Empire: 1325: 1521: 196 Old Babylonian Empire: 1894 BC [1] [2] 1595 BC: 299 Neo-Babylonian Empire: 626 BC: 539 BC ...
Holy Roman Empire in Germany. Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) – Louis the Child, King (899–911) Conrad I, King (911–918) Henry I, King (919–936) Otto I, King (936–973), Holy Roman Emperor (962–973) Otto II, King (961–983), Holy Roman Emperor (967–983)
The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the various usurpers or rebels who ...
Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1084–1105), King (1053–1087) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1111–1125), King (1099–1125) Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor (1133–1137), King (1125–1137) Conrad III, King (1138–1152) Henry Berengar, co-King (1138–1150)