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Actinomycetoma is a chronic bacterial subcutaneous infection caused by Actinomyces that affect the skin and connective tissue. [1] It is, therefore, a form of actinomycosis . [ 2 ] Mycetoma is a broad term which includes actinomycetoma and eumycetoma under it.
Actinomycosis is a rare infectious bacterial disease caused by the gram-positive Actinomyces species. [1] The name refers to ray-like appearance of the organisms in the granules. About 70% of infections are due to either Actinomyces israelii or A. gerencseriae. [1] Infection can also be caused by Streptomyces somaliensis and Propionibacterium ...
Many Actinomyces species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the oral cavity. [7] In rare cases, these bacteria can cause actinomycosis, a disease characterized by the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract. [2]
Actinomycosis is most frequently caused by A. israelii. [4] It is a normal colonizer of the vagina, [5] colon, and mouth. [6] Infection is established first by a breach of the mucosal barrier during various procedures (dental, gastrointestinal), aspiration, or pathologies such as diverticulitis. [7]
It is one of the bacteria that might be implicated in destructive periodontal disease. Although it has been found more frequently in localized aggressive periodontitis, [3] prevalence in any population is rather high. It has also been isolated from actinomycotic lesions (mixed infection with certain Actinomyces species, in particular A. israelii).
It is the causative agent of lumpy jaw in cattle, and occasionally causes actinomycosis infections in humans. [3] A. bovis normally populates the gastrointestinal tract of healthy ruminants , but is opportunistic in nature and will move into tissues through ulcerations or abrasions of the mucosa to cause infection. [ 4 ]
Cutaneous actinomycosis is a chronic disease that affects the deep subcutaneous tissue of the skin. Caused by an anaerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous type of bacteria in the genus Actinomyces, [1]: 270 invasion of the soft tissue leads to the formation of abnormal channels leading to the skin surface (external sinus tracts) that discharge pale yellow sulfur granules.
Additionally, Actinomyces have been identified as important members of the human microbiome, residing in various sites such as the oral cavity (mouth, pharynx, esophagus) and gastrointestinal tract. [9] While some Actinomyces species are commensal, others can cause opportunistic infections in humans, commonly Actinomycosis. [9]