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An abbreviated example of an exposure hierarchy is pictured in Image 1. Image 1: Exposure hierarchy example for treating public speaking fears. When exposure to an item at the bottom of the hierarchy leads to moderately reduced distress or increased tolerance, a client progresses up the hierarchy to more and more difficult exposures.
Approach-avoidance conflicts occur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously. [3] [4] [5] For example, marriage is a momentous decision that has both positive and negative aspects. The positive aspects, or approach portion, of ...
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations. [1] The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as "nonverbal expectancy violations theory", based on Burgoon's research studying proxemics.
Conflict avoidance is a set of behaviors aimed at preventing or minimizing disagreement with another person. These behaviors can occur before the conflict emerges (e.g., avoiding certain topics, changing the subject) or after the conflict has been expressed (e.g., withholding disagreement, withdrawing from the conversation, giving in).
Distress is an inextricable part of life; therefore, avoidance is often only a temporary solution. Avoidance reinforces the notion that discomfort, distress and anxiety are bad, or dangerous. Sustaining avoidance often requires effort and energy. Avoidance limits one's focus at the expense of fully experiencing what is going on in the present.
Another common strategy when several organizations work together is to blame accidents and failures on each other, [2] [7] or to the last echelon such as the implementing actors. [8] Several authors suggest that this blame culture in organizations is in line and thus favored by the western legal system, where safety is a matter of individual ...
An example of a cognitive bias modification for attention (CBM-A) paradigm. A single trial is presented in which a fixation cross appears, followed by two pictures – one smoking and one neutral. This is followed by a probe to which the individual must respond. Two common features are used in the majority of CBM methodologies. [6]
Personal boundaries or the act of setting boundaries is a life skill that has been popularized by self help authors and support groups since the mid-1980s. Personal boundaries are established by changing one's own response to interpersonal situations, rather than expecting other people to change their behaviors to comply with your boundary. [ 1 ]