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These plants, normally woody perennials, grow stems into the air, with their resting buds being more than 50 cm above the soil surface, [10] e.g. trees and shrubs, and also epiphytes, which Raunkiær later separated as a distinct class (see below). Raunkiær further divided the phanerophytes according to height as Megaphanerophytes ...
Epiphytes however, can generally be categorized into holo-epiphytes or hemi-epiphytes. A holo-epiphyte is a plant that spends its whole life cycle without contact with the ground and a hemi-epiphyte is a plant that spends only half of its life without the ground before the roots can reach or make contact with the ground. [8]
Hemi-epiphytes (Pseudo-lianas) Eb Plants that germinate and root on other plants (these include dead standing plants, telegraph poles and wires, stumps and such like) Epiphytes; Cc Free-moving water plants (= errants) Errant vascular Hydrophytes; Bb Thallophytes (= non-vascular cryptogams) Fa Plants attached to the ground surface Ga Perennials
The flower of Nymphaea alba, a species of water lily Bud of Nelumbo nucifera, an aquatic plant.. Aquatic plants also referred to as hydrophytes [1] are vascular plants and non-vascular plants [2] that have adapted to live in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater).
Nepenthes sp. Misool growing as a lithophyte in Raja Ampat, New Guinea. Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks.They can be classified as either epilithic (or epipetric) or endolithic; epilithic lithophytes grow on the surfaces of rocks, while endolithic lithophytes grow in the crevices of rocks (and are also referred to as chasmophytes). [1]
Epiphytes are plants which grow above the ground, on top of other plants. They are not planted in the soil and are not parasitic (i.e. they do not feed on other plants; however, some types still damage their host in various ways). By growing on other plants, the epiphytes can reach to the light better or where they can avoid struggling for light.
Plants that are hydrophytes (aquatic plants) live within aquatic environments including lakes, streams, ponds, and oceans. While plants that are hygrophytes grow on wet soils, [ 4 ] both types of plants are adapted to growing in soils that are low-oxygen (anaerobic) environments where there is extended periods of water saturation or flooding.
In botany, phorophytes are plants on which epiphytes grow. The term is composed of phoro, meaning bearer or carrier [1] and phyte, meaning plant. [2] An epiphyte growing on the phorophyte bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) Phorophytic tree densely covered in epiphytic bromeliads