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The cellular processes of DNA replication and transcription involve DNA and RNA synthesis, respectively. DNA synthesis uses dNTPs as substrates, while RNA synthesis uses rNTPs as substrates. [2] NTPs cannot be converted directly to dNTPs. DNA contains four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
A ribonucleotide tri-phosphate (rNTP) is composed of a ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups attached via diester bonds to the 5' oxygen on the ribose and a nitrogenous base attached to the 1' carbon on the ribose. rNTP's are also referred to as NTPs while the deoxyribose version is referred to as dNTPs.
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General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as phosphorylation shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer) the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite ...
Abortive initiation is a normal process of transcription and occurs both in vitro and in vivo. [2] After each nucleotide-addition step in initial transcription, RNA polymerase, stochastically, can proceed on the pathway toward promoter escape (productive initiation) or can release the RNA product and revert to the RNA polymerase-promoter open complex (abortive initiation).
Transcription preinitiation complex, represented by the central cluster of proteins, causes RNA polymerase to bind to target DNA site. The PIC is able to bind both the promoter sequence near the gene to be transcribed and an enhancer sequence in a different part of the genome, allowing enhancer sequences to regulate a gene distant from it.