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A postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral researcher, or simply postdoc, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD). Postdocs most commonly, but not always, have a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic faculty position.
The term "professor" as a common noun is often used for persons holding any kind of faculty position. In academic medicine, Instructor usually denotes someone who has completed residency, fellowship, or other post-doctoral (M.D./D.O.) training but who is not tenure-track faculty.
Diplomate (or Fellow) of the International Academy of Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine: This is a 3-year advanced postdoctoral program undertaken through the University of Bridgeport in Connecticut (USA). This includes a 3-year, full-time neuromusculoskeletal medicine residency. [18]
Most MD–PhD graduates enter academia, with their primary appointments in clinical departments. Among recent graduates, 95% continued clinical training, while 5% pursued postdoctoral fellowships without clinical training. The most popular residency choice was internal medicine (29%), followed by surgery (11%). [7] [8]
Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine DACVIM Used by veterinary internal medicine specialists who have completed a post-doctoral internship and an accredited residency program. [83] There are six concentrations that can be pursued: Cardiology; Small animal internal medicine; Large animal internal medicine; Neurology ...
Besides post-doctoral researchers (tutkijatohtori) and senior teaching assistants (yliassistentti), there are several mid-level non-professorial positions, such as teaching researcher (opettava tutkija). Senior teachers and researchers may be employed as, e.g., erikoistutkija (special researcher) or yliopistotutkija (senior research fellow).
This can be demonstrated by leading a research group, being a junior professor, or other achievements in research and teaching as a post-doctoral researcher. The habilitation in Germany is usually earned after several years of independent research and teaching, either "internally" while working at a university or "externally" as a research and ...
The first research doctorate was the doctor of philosophy, which came to the U.S. from Germany, and is frequently referred to by its initials of Ph.D. As academia evolved in the country a wide variety of other types of doctoral degrees and programs were developed.