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The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also called Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptor – a type of sensory receptor that senses changes in muscle tension. It lies at the interface between a muscle and its tendon known as the musculotendinous junction also known as the myotendinous junction. [1]
The Golgi tendon reflex operates as a protective feedback mechanism to control the tension of an active muscle by causing relaxation before the tendon tension becomes high enough to cause damage. [7] First, as a load is placed on the muscle, the afferent neuron from the Golgi tendon organ fires into the central nervous system.
Type Aα fibers include the type Ia and type Ib sensory fibers of the alternative classification system, and are the fibers from muscle spindle endings and the Golgi tendon, respectively. [1] Type Aβ fibres, and type Aγ, are the type II afferent fibers from stretch receptors. [1] Type Aβ fibres from the skin are mostly dedicated to touch.
Using Sherrington's system, physiologists and anatomists search for specialised nerve endings that transmit mechanical data on joint capsule, tendon and muscle tension (such as Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles), which play a large role in proprioception. [citation needed]
The internal tendon bulk is thought to contain no nerve fibres, but the epitenon and paratenon contain nerve endings, while Golgi tendon organs are present at the myotendinous junction between tendon and muscle. Tendon length varies in all major groups and from person to person.
Golgi type II dendrites have approximately symmetrical synaptic connections and have pale, asymmetric, and frequently massive profiles that contain huge pleomorphic vesicles. Golgi type II axon synaptic terminals may resemble dendritic endings, however many axonal endings seem to have narrower profiles with smaller, flatter vesicles. [29]
Each muscle spindle consists of sensory nerve endings wrapped around special muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers. Stretching an intrafusal fiber initiates a volley of impulses in the sensory neuron (a I-a neuron) attached to it. The impulses travel along the sensory axon to the spinal cord where they form several kinds of synapses:
Golgi tendon reflex; Hanger reflex - reflex of unclear purpose that causes the head to rotate to the right when the top sides of the head are under pressure, named because it can be easily activated with a coat hanger; Hering–Breuer reflex — is a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung