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a normally elevated AFP in the fetus or woman (some people naturally have very high AFP) Usual follow-up steps include (1) a prenatal ultrasound exam to look for fetal abnormalities and/or (2) measurement of AFP in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. Maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) varies by orders of magnitude during the course of a normal ...
Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or cause disease after birth. They may include aneuploidies , structural abnormalities, or neoplasms.
This can manifest in a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction, [4] [5] placental abruption, [3] [6] [16] [18] abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, [3] [10] [19] and fetal death. [6] [7] [9] Velamentous cord insertion affects between 0.1%-1.8% of pregnancies, [6] though its incidence increases ten-fold in multiple ...
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein [5] [6] that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). [ 9 ]
Fetal hemoglobin can also be found in the cord blood of the umbilical cord. The higher oxygen affinity allows more oxygen to transfer from the pregnant person to the fetus more efficiently. Common blood disorders with high levels of fetal hemoglobin show symptoms like anemia. [3] Fetal Troponin T is a cardiac protein found in adults and infants ...
Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. [1] PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome. [2] [3]
Fetal fibronectin (fFN) is a fibronectin protein produced by fetal cells. It is found at the interface of the chorion and the decidua (between the fetal sac and the uterine lining ). Fetal fibronectin is found normally in vaginal fluid in early pregnancy prior to 22 weeks due to normal growth and development of tissues at the junction of the ...
Hemoglobin Barts, abbreviated Hb Barts, is an abnormal type of hemoglobin that consists of four gamma globins. It is moderately insoluble, and therefore accumulates in the red blood cells. Hb Barts has an extremely high affinity for oxygen, so it cannot release oxygen to the tissue. Therefore, this makes it an inefficient oxygen carrier.