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The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (symbasileis) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the various usurpers ...
Dynasty names are given in capitals so that they can be picked out from the interweaving trees. Junior co-emperors who never exercised real power are shown in a smaller font to distinguish them from the reigning emperor.
The first period of Byzantine history, "Proto-Byzantine" in the words of Paul Lemerle, is usually placed between the 4th and the middle of the 7th century. It is considered to be transitional, and its main characteristics can be described in the late antique socio-cultural paradigm, which was based on a polis with its inherent features.
The eastern empire, often referred to as the 'Byzantine Empire' by modern historians, endured for almost another millennium until its fall through the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The final empress of the east, and final Roman empress overall, was Maria of Trebizond , wife of Emperor John VIII Palaiologos .
As the Byzantine Empire recovered, the system was imposed on all areas that came under Byzantine control. [63] The first Balkan theme was created in Thrace in 680 AD. [ 63 ] By 695, a second theme, that of " Hellas " (or "Helladikoi"), was established, probably in eastern central Greece . [ 63 ]
John Tzetzes (c. 1100–1180), Byzantine poet and grammarian; Manuel I Komnenos (1118–1180), Byzantine emperor; Isaac II Angelos (1156–1204), Byzantine emperor; Theodore I Laskaris (1174–1221), Byzantine emperor; Alexios II Komnenos (1169–1183), Byzantine emperor; Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I) (1152–1182), daughter of the ...
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred in Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Surviving the conditions that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
The following is a list of usurpers in the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, from the start of the reign of Arcadius in 395 to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Usurper emperors [ edit ]