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Research can be further categorized as buy-side research or sell-side research. Sell-side research is conducted by sell-side analysts at investment banks and independent equity research boutiques, and is sold to buy-side investors. Buy-side research, however, is usually not published as it is created for internal use at an asset manager or ...
An alternative form is known as independent research or alternative research, this is research that is not provided by a bank or broker. However, someone has to fund the costs of conducting the research, and when the funder is the company being researched, this form of independent research is termed “ sponsored ” or “company-paid” research.
A Commission Sharing Agreement (CSA), or in the US named Client Commission Agreement (CCA), is a type of soft dollar arrangement that allows money managers to separately pay the executing broker for trade execution and ask that broker to allocate a portion of the commission directly to an independent research provider. [1]
Some states may require a written examination for a license, while others may require several years of field experience as a student or intern, or both. The requirements regarding who must be licensed may include uncommon or strange licenses; for example, four states require licensing for interior designers. [4]
Providers range from middleware and messaging vendors, vendors of cleansing and reconciliation software and services, and vendors of highly scalable solutions for managing the massive loads of incoming and stored reference data that must be maintained for daily trading, accounting, settlement, risk management and reporting to investors and ...
The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, a 2015 Swiss NGO of pharmaceutical companies and others, defined a contract research organization (CRO), specifically pertaining to clinical trials services as: [8]: 10 "A person or an organization (commercial, academic, or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or ...
In many countries external auditors of nationalized commercial entities are appointed by an independent government body such as the Comptroller and Auditor General. Securities and Exchange Commissions may also impose specific requirements and roles on external auditors, including strict rules to establish independence. [4]
The lead director may also be the chief contact for the board's counsel or the fund's auditors (or other service providers). If the lead director is an independent director, he or she may represent the other independent directors in discussions with the fund management. SEC also recommends directors employ staff. [22] [43]