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A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex to itself is the edge (for an undirected simple graph) or is incident on (for an undirected multigraph) {,} = {} which is not in {{,},}. To allow loops, the definitions must be expanded.
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
A graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges where the vertex number 6 on the far-left is a leaf vertex or a pendant vertex. In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph ...
A graph with a loop having vertices labeled by degree. In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. [1]
A numerical value, assigned as a label to a vertex or edge of a graph. The weight of a subgraph is the sum of the weights of the vertices or edges within that subgraph. weighted graph A graph whose vertices or edge s have been assigned weight s. A vertex-weighted graph has weights on its vertices and an edge-weighted graph has weights on its edges.
A directed graph is weakly connected (or just connected [9]) if the undirected underlying graph obtained by replacing all directed edges of the graph with undirected edges is a connected graph. A directed graph is strongly connected or strong if it contains a directed path from x to y (and from y to x) for every pair of vertices (x, y).
The Farey diagram of any set of rational numbers is a planar graph, and the Farey diagram of the set of all rational numbers forms a tessellation of the hyperbolic plane by ideal triangles. [11] Arc diagrams or circuit diagrams are commonly used in studying folded biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNAs, RNAs). Biopolymers are ...
The edge space is the /-vector space freely generated by the edge set E. The dimension of the vertex space is thus the number of vertices of the graph, while the dimension of the edge space is the number of edges. These definitions can be made more explicit.