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A linear circuit is an electronic circuit which obeys the superposition principle.This means that the output of the circuit F(x) when a linear combination of signals ax 1 (t) + bx 2 (t) is applied to it is equal to the linear combination of the outputs due to the signals x 1 (t) and x 2 (t) applied separately:
The simplest I–V curve is that of a resistor, which according to Ohm's law exhibits a linear relationship between the applied voltage and the resulting electric current; the current is proportional to the voltage, so the I–V curve is a straight line through the origin with positive slope.
Various resistor types of different shapes and sizes. A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
This is the case for all linear elements, but also, for example, an ideal diode, which in circuit theory terms is a non-linear resistor, has a constitutive relation of the form = (). Both independent voltage and independent current sources can be considered non-linear resistors under this definition. [3]
The fundamental passive linear circuit elements are the resistor (R), capacitor (C) and inductor (L). These circuit elements can be combined to form an electrical circuit in four distinct ways: the RC circuit, the RL circuit, the LC circuit and the RLC circuit, with the abbreviations indicating which components are used.
This is not always the case in non-linear circuits. For instance, a linear resistor with a fixed current applied to it has only one solution for the voltage across it. On the other hand, the non-linear tunnel diode has up to three solutions for the voltage for a given current. That is, a particular solution for the current through the diode is ...
The diode, a nonlinear device, is in series with a linear circuit consisting of a resistor, R and a voltage source, V DD. The characteristic curve (curved line), representing the current I through the diode for any given voltage across the diode V D, is an exponential curve.
Resistor, R1, supplies the Zener current and the base current (I B) of NPN transistor (Q1). The constant Zener voltage is applied across the base of Q1 and emitter resistor, R2. Voltage across R 2 (V R2) is given by V Z − V BE, where V BE is the base-emitter drop of Q1. The emitter current of Q1 which is also the current through R2 is given by