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Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). [3] It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. [1] The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash. [1]
Scarlet fever is also a non-invasive infection caused by GAS, although much less common. The invasive infections caused by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus tend to be more severe and less common. These occurs when the bacterium is able to infect areas where bacteria are not usually found, such as blood and organs. [8]
Superantigens secreted by many strains of S. pyogenes: This streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin is responsible for the rash of scarlet fever and many of the symptoms of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, also known as toxic shock like syndrome (TSLS). Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB)
Scarlet fever. Mononucleosis. Parvovirus. Adults may also develop a measles-like rash often due to a drug rash. These include: ... especially if they are immunocompromised or pregnant, as measles ...
Postpartum infections, also known as childbed fever and puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. [1] Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge . [ 1 ]
The "slapped cheek" appearance of the rash can be suggestive of fifth disease, however, the rash can be mistaken with other skin related disease or infections. Many other viral rashes, like measles, rubella, roseola, and scarlet fever, can look similar to erythema infectiosum.
A fever, sore throat, and fatigue may also occur. [1] [2] Joint pain is common in adults. [1] Complications may include bleeding problems, testicular swelling, encephalitis, and inflammation of nerves. [1] Infection during early pregnancy may result in a miscarriage or a child born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). [3]
The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) said that an average of 2,861 (range 479 to 5,051) of scarlet fever were recorded during the same period over the past 5 years. [ 3 ] The following table shows the number of notifications of iGAS and scarlet fever published by data from the UKHSA from 12 September to 18 June.