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In all groups, formal and informal initiations add to a group's cohesion and strengthens the bond between the individual and group by demonstrating the exclusiveness of group membership as well as the recruit's dedication to the group. [15] Initiations tend to be more formal in more cohesive groups.
A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared, used by sociologists in reference to any group that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. More simply, as explained by Thompson and Hickey (2005), such groups are ones "that people refer to when evaluating their ...
An affinity group of anti-war protesters. An anonymous affinity group is a group formed around a shared interest or common goal, to which individuals formally or informally belong. Affinity groups are generally precluded from being under the aegis of any governmental agency, and their purposes must be primarily non-commercial.
The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. [1] It is the aggregate of norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations.
Social capital is a concept used in sociology and economics to define networks of relationships which are productive towards advancing the goals of individuals and groups. [1] [2] It involves the effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity.
Network of practice (often abbreviated as NoP) is a concept originated by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid. [1] This concept, related to the work on communities of practice by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, [2] refers to the overall set of various types of informal, emergent social networks that facilitate information exchange between individuals with practice-related goals.
Informal group: certain groups of coworkers have the same interests, or (for example) the same origin. Informal leaders: due to charisma and general popularity, certain members of the organization win more influence than originally intended. Different interests and preferences of coworkers. Different status of coworkers. Difficult work ...
Both formal and informal communities of practice may be established in an organization. There is a great deal of interest within organizations to encourage, support, and sponsor communities of practice to benefit from shared knowledge that may lead to higher productivity.