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Such falsification uses the valid inference modus tollens: if from a law we logically deduce , but what is observed is , we infer that the law is false. For example, given the statement = "all swans are white", we can deduce = "the specific swan here is white", but if what is observed is = "the specific swan here is not white" (say black), then ...
Critical rationalism, an epistemological philosophy founded by Karl Popper; Three models of scientific progress in "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes" by Imre Lakatos. Dogmatic falsificationism; Naive falsificationism; Sophisticated falsificationism
A false statement, also known as a falsehood, falsity, misstatement or untruth, is a statement that is false or does not align with reality. This concept spans various fields, including communication, law, linguistics, and philosophy. It is considered a fundamental issue in human discourse.
The Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1959 book about the philosophy of science by the philosopher Karl Popper.Popper rewrote his book in English from the 1934 (imprint '1935') German original, titled Logik der Forschung.
In philosophy of science, the Duhem–Quine thesis, also called the Duhem–Quine problem, says that unambiguous falsifications of a scientific hypothesis are impossible, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions. Rather than disproving the main hypothesis, the blame can be placed on one of the ...
Informally, a statement is falsifiable if some observation might show it to be false. For example, "All swans are white" is falsifiable because "Here is a black swan" shows it to be false. The apparent contradiction seen in the case of a true but falsifiable statement disappears once we know the technical definition.
The least probable theory is preferred because it is the one with the highest information content and most open to future falsification. Critical rationalism as a discourse positioned itself against what its proponents took to be epistemologically relativist philosophies, particularly post-modernist or sociological approaches to knowledge ...
A self-refuting idea or self-defeating idea is an idea or statement whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true. Many ideas are called self-refuting by their detractors, and such accusations are therefore almost always controversial, with defenders stating that the idea is being misunderstood or that the argument is invalid.