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The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of 1 ... the most stable being tin-121m, with a half-life of 43.9 years. [33]
Today, the word "tin" is often improperly used as a generic term for any silvery metal that comes in sheets. Most everyday materials that are commonly called "tin", such as aluminium foil, beverage cans, corrugated building sheathing and tin cans, are actually made of steel or aluminium, although tin cans (tinned cans) do contain a thin coating ...
Another 34 artificial radioisotopes of tungsten have been characterized, the most stable of which are 181 W with a half-life of 121.2 days, 185 W with a half-life of 75.1 days, 188 W with a half-life of 69.4 days, 178 W with a half-life of 21.6 days, and 187 W with a half-life of 23.72 h. [38]
A typical European casting alloy contains 94% tin, 1% copper and 5% antimony. A European pewter sheet would contain 92% tin, 2% copper, and 6% antimony. Asian pewter, produced mostly in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, contains a higher percentage of tin, usually 97.5% tin, 1% copper, and 1.5% antimony. This makes the alloy slightly softer.
Its use began in the Middle East and the Balkans around 3000 BC. Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, with about two parts per million (ppm), compared to iron with 50,000 ppm, copper with 70 ppm, lead with 16 ppm, arsenic with 5 ppm, silver with 0.1 ppm, and gold with 0.005 ppm. [1]
TiN has a hardness equivalent to sapphire and carborundum (9.0 on the Mohs scale), [47] and is often used to coat cutting tools, such as drill bits. [48] It is also used as a gold-colored decorative finish and as a barrier layer in semiconductor fabrication. [49] Titanium carbide (TiC), which is also very hard, is found in cutting tools and ...
Hot tin-dipping is the process of immersing a part into a bath of pure molten tin at a temperature greater than 450 °F or 232 °C. Tinplate made via hot-dipped tin plating is made by cold rolling steel or iron, pickling to remove any scale, annealing to remove any strain hardening, and then coating it with a thin layer of tin.
Niobium is used to make the high voltage wire of the solar corona particles receptor module of the Parker Solar Probe. [125] Niobium is a constituent of a lightfast chemically-stable inorganic yellow pigment that has the trade name NTP Yellow. It is Niobium Sulfur Tin Zinc Oxide, a pyrochlore, produced via high-temperature calcination. The ...