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Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "coal to X" or "carbon to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbon-based products. However, the most common process chain is "coal to liquid fuels" (CTL). [1]
In this way, heavy oil and middle oil fractions are also reused in this process. The most recent evolution of Bergius' work is the 2-stage hydroliquefaction plant at Wilsonville AL which operated during 1981-85. Here a coal extract was prepared under heat and hydrogen pressure using finely pulverized coal and recycle donor solvent.
Erdos CTL (sometimes also referred as Shenhua CTL) is a coal liquefaction plant at Ejin Horo Banner in Inner Mongolia, China. It is the biggest coal-to-liquids complex outside South Africa with a capacity of 20,000 barrels per day (3,200 m 3 /d). [1] The plant cost USD 2 billion, and is owned by Shenhua Coal Liquefaction, a subsidiary of ...
Fundamentally, transitioning from oil to coal or natural gas for transportation fuels production is a transition from one inherently depletable geologically limited resource to another. One of the positive defining characteristics of synthetic fuels production is the ability to use multiple feedstocks (coal, gas, or biomass) to produce the same ...
Initial experiments in 1817–1825, which were failures; began to be used widely in 1860s. Simpler, much less labor-intensive manufacturing process. Oil very expensive feedstock compared to coal; prices (and illuminous efficacy per ft 3) double to triple that of regular coal gas. Oil catalytic semi-water gas. (Improved Jones Process) Petroleum oil.
In the Karrick process, 1 short ton of coal yields up to 1 barrel of oils and coal tars (12% by weight), and produces 3,000 cubic feet (85 m 3) of rich coal gas and 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of solid smokeless char or semi-coke (for one metric ton, 0.175 m 3 of oils and coal tars, 95 m 3 of gas, and 750 kg of semi-coke).
The Fischer–Tropsch process is an important reaction in both coal liquefaction and gas to liquids technology for producing liquid hydrocarbons. [ 1 ] In the usual implementation, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the feedstocks for FT, are produced from coal , natural gas , or biomass in a process known as gasification .
The U.S. DOE estimates coal reserves at 1,081,279 million short tons (9.81 × 1014 kg), or about 4,786 billion (4.7 trillion) barrels of oil equivalent. The amount of coal burned during 2001 was calculated as 2.337 gigatonnes of oil equivalent, or about 46 million barrels (7,300,000 m 3) of oil equivalent per day. Were consumption to continue ...