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  2. Ground state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state

    The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state. In quantum field theory, the ground state is usually called the vacuum state or the vacuum. If more ...

  3. Excited state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state

    Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).

  4. Electron excitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_excitation

    Within a semiconductor crystal lattice, thermal excitation is a process where lattice vibrations provide enough energy to transfer electrons to a higher energy band such as a more energetic sublevel or energy level. [3] When an excited electron falls back to a state of lower energy, it undergoes electron relaxation (deexcitation [4]).

  5. Hund's rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund's_rules

    One of these electrons must have, (for some chosen direction z) m s = 1 ⁄ 2, and the other must have m s = − 1 ⁄ 2. Hund's first rule states that the lowest energy atomic state is the one that maximizes the total spin quantum number for the electrons in the open subshell. The orbitals of the subshell are each occupied singly with ...

  6. Electronic band structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_band_structure

    This is a misconception. In principle, DFT can determine any property (ground state or excited state) of a system given a functional that maps the ground state density to that property. This is the essence of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem. [18]

  7. Siding (construction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siding_(construction)

    Siding or wall cladding is the protective material attached to the exterior side of a wall of a house or other building. Along with the roof, it forms the first line of defense against the elements, most importantly sun, rain/snow, heat and cold, thus creating a stable, more comfortable environment on the interior side. The siding material and ...

  8. This Siding Is So Good We Used It On Our New Home–Here's Why

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/siding-good-used-home...

    The material is a favorite among builders. Here’s why. For premium support please call: 800-290-4726 more ways to reach us

  9. Atomic electron transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_electron_transition

    The energy of an electron is determined by its orbit around the atom, The n = 0 orbit, commonly referred to as the ground state, has the lowest energy of all states in the system. In atomic physics and chemistry , an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one ...