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The presence of rebars disturbs electrical resistivity measurement as they conduct current much better than the surrounding concrete. This is particularly the case when the concrete cover depth is less than 30 mm. In order to minimize the effect, placing the electrodes above a rebar is usually avoided, or if unavoidable, then they are placed ...
The glass is not cast into the concrete but caulked into the frame. Rather than chiselling out the old glass, the glass can be popped out of the frame. [27] Translucent concrete has also been proposed as a floor material. [28] This would essentially make it a vault light with very small lighting elements.
Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70 centimetres (28 in) square. In the American version of this test, the table is 10 inches (25 cm) diameter per ASTM C 230.; Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom - 30 centimetres (12 in) high, 17 centimetres (6.7 in) top diameter, 25 centimetres (9.8 in) base diameter.
A w/c ratio higher than 0.60 is not acceptable as fresh concrete becomes "soup" [2] and leads to a higher porosity and to very poor quality hardened concrete as publicly stated by Prof. Gustave Magnel (1889-1955, Ghent University, Belgium) during an official address to American building contractors at the occasion of one of his visits in the ...
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
Historically, in business cores of urban areas in the United States, manholes may be placed at each and every street block, 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) apart. [8] A more modern guideline in the United States suggested to have them every 400 feet (120 m) for small diameter sewers, and every 500 feet (150 m) for larger sewer mains. [ 5 ]
Several ways of producing translucent concrete exist. All are based on a fine grain concrete (ca. 95%) and only 5% light conducting elements that are added during the casting process. After setting, the concrete is cut to plates or stones with standard machinery for cutting stone materials. [1] [4]
The Block Lamp is a lightfitting designed by Finnish designer Harri Koskinen, and produced by Design House Stockholm. It is a seemingly simple design of a lightbulb held inside two shaped pieces of clear glass, measurements 10.2 x 15.9 x 8.9 cm (4" x 6.3" x 3.5"). [ 1 ]