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Nebivolol lowers blood pressure (BP) by reducing peripheral vascular resistance, and significantly increases stroke volume with preservation of cardiac output. [30] The net hemodynamic effect of nebivolol is the result of a balance between the depressant effects of beta-blockade and an action that maintains cardiac output. [31]
Alpha-2 blockers (or α 2 blockers) are a subset of the alpha blocker class of drugs and are antagonists to the α 2 adrenergic receptor.They are mainly used in research, having found limited clinical application in human medicine.
Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina, high blood pressure and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines . [ 4 ]
The initial classification system had 4 classes, although their definitions different from the modern classification. Those proposed in 1970 were: [2] Drugs with a direct membrane action: the prototype was quinidine, and lignocaine was a key example. Differing from other authors, Vaughan-Williams describe the main action as a slowing of the ...
[14] [15] [16] Bisoprolol, carvedilol, and sustained-release metoprolol are specifically indicated as adjuncts to standard ACE inhibitor and diuretic therapy in congestive heart failure, although at doses typically much lower than those indicated for other conditions. Beta blockers are only indicated in cases of compensated, stable congestive ...
Metoprolol; Nebivolol; β 2-selective agents Butaxamine (weak α-adrenergic agonist activity) - No common clinical applications, but used in experiments. ICI-118,551 Highly selective β 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist - No known clinical applications, but used in experiments due to its strong receptor specificity.
After ingestion, bisoprolol is absorbed and has a high bioavailability of approximately 90% with a plasma half-life of 10–12 hours. [23] [24] Typically, half the circulating bisoprolol is metabolized by the liver, the rest passing unchanged through the kidneys before elimination; less than 2% may be excreted in the feces. [23] [24] [33]
Carvedilol, sold under the brand name Coreg among others, is a beta blocker medication, that may be prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (also known as HFrEF or systolic heart failure).