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A 2018 study reported PM 2.5 levels in a large hotel event room (4,023m 3) increased from 2–3 μg/m 3 to as high as 819 μg/m 3 (interquartile range: 761–975 μg/m 3) when 59–86 people were vaping. This level exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency annual time-weighted standard for PM 2.5 of 12 μg/m 3. [82]
Vaping has an immediate effect on how well the user’s blood vessels work, even if the e-cigarette doesn’t contain nicotine, according to new research.
The nicotine levels in the e-cigarette vapor also varies greatly either from puff-to-puff or among devices of the same company. [1] Nicotine intake across users using same device or liquid varies substantially. [67] Puffing characteristics differ between smoking and vaping. [68] Vaping typically require more 'suck' than cigarette smoking. [69]
As a result, nutrition is re-distributed to prioritize vital organs, such as the heart and the brain, at the cost of less vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas, leading to underdevelopment and functional disorders later in life. [113] Nicotine attaches to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the fetus brain. [90]
Nicotine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes (mostly CYP2A6, and also by CYP2B6) and FMO3, which selectively metabolizes (S)-nicotine. A major metabolite is cotinine . Other primary metabolites include nicotine N -oxide, nornicotine, nicotine isomethonium ion, 2-hydroxynicotine and nicotine glucuronide. [ 152 ]
Smoking most commonly leads to diseases affecting the heart and lungs and will commonly affect areas such as hands or feet. First signs of smoking-related health issues often show up as numbness in the extremities, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer, particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and ...
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