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Eleven of the 27 members of the 1952 National Executive Committee (NEC) were banned; and by 1955, 42 ANC leaders, including Walter Sisulu, had been banned. [11] During the 1950s, while the ANC intensified its domestic programme of protest action, it also began calling in the international arena for sanctions against the apartheid state.
Norman Levy: Banned in 1964, left for UK in 1968. [35] Petrus Willem Letlalo (founding member of the ANC): Banned 1960 to 1980, including under banning order number 1527. [36] Died at the age of 99, after a debilitating stroke in 1981. [37] Albert Lutuli: Banned 1952 to 1967. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela; Elizabeth Mafekeng: Banned in 1959. [38]
The ANC was banned by the South African government between April 1960 – shortly after the Sharpeville massacre – and February 1990. During this period, despite periodic attempts to revive its domestic political underground, the ANC was forced into exile by increasing state repression, which saw many of its leaders imprisoned on Robben Island.
Opposition to World War I was widespread during the conflict and included socialists, such as anarchists, syndicalists, and Marxists, as well as Christian pacifists, anti-colonial nationalists, feminists, intellectuals, and the working class. The socialist movement had declared before the war their opposition to a war which they said could only ...
The NCC was re-formed during August 1940, just over a year after conscription was reintroduced. [10] The corps was composed of conscripted men who had been registered as non-combatants by tribunals. [11] Unlike in the First World War, there were also enlisted members of the NCC who had been deemed not physically competent for combatant service ...
Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [1] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". [2] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."
First raid on England by German Gotha heavy bomber aircraft at Folkestone in Kent. [26] 29 May 1917 A royal proclamation issued by King George V encourages a voluntary reduction in bread consumption. [26] 13 June 1917 First attack on London by German heavy bombers; 104 civilians were killed, including 18 children at an Upper North Street School ...
Largely the work of Home Office civil servant Frank Newsam, [4] the Act banned the wearing of political uniforms in any public place or public meeting. (The first conviction under the Act was of police officer and fascist-sympathizer William Henry Wood, by Leeds Magistrates' Court on 27 January 1937.) [5] [6] It also required police consent for political marches to go ahead (now covered by the ...