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The efficiency of a conventional steam–electric power plant, defined as energy produced by the plant divided by the heating value of the fuel consumed by it, is typically 33 to 48%, limited as all heat engines are by the laws of thermodynamics (See: Carnot cycle). The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat.
A turbo generator is an electric generator connected to the shaft of a turbine (water, steam, or gas) for the generation of electric power. [note 1] Large steam-powered turbo generators provide the majority of the world's electricity and are also used by steam-powered turbo-electric ships. [1] Small turbo-generators driven by gas turbines are ...
Steam turbine CHP plants that use the heating system as the steam condenser for the steam turbine; Nuclear power plants, similar to other steam turbine power plants, can be fitted with extractions in the turbines to bleed partially expanded steam to a heating system. With a heating system temperature of 95 °C it is possible to extract about 10 ...
The turbine's hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant. These achieve a best-of-class real (see below) thermal efficiency of around 64% in base-load operation. In contrast, a single cycle steam power plant is limited to efficiencies from 35 to 42%.
Steam extracted from the turbine to provide heat to the feedwater heaters Note that the deaerator is also a feedwater heater – it also receives bled steam from the turbine, but the steam is mixed with and heats the water instead of transferring heat through a shell and tube heat exchanger. LP heater, HP heater, deaerator, auxiliary steam
The hot exhaust gas from an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. Practical MHD generators have been developed for fossil fuels, but these were overtaken by less expensive combined cycles in which the exhaust of a gas turbine or molten carbonate fuel cell heats steam to power a steam turbine.
The inverted U-tube bundle of a Combustion Engineering steam generator. A steam generator (aka nuclear steam raising plant ('NSRP')) is a heat exchanger used to convert water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core. It is used in pressurized water reactors (PWRs), between the primary and secondary coolant loops.
However, in co-generation, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system, which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven co-generation plants. [10]