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Cheyne–Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes. [1]
The combined number of apnea and hypopnea events that occur on average per hour during sleep is noted using the Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). Hypopnea during sleep is classed as a sleep disorder. With moderate to severe hypopnea, sleep is disturbed such that patients may get a full night's sleep but still not feel rested.
The diagnosis of CSA syndrome is made when the presence of at least 5 central apnea events occur per hour. [11] There are multiple mechanisms that drive the apnea events. In individuals with heart failure with Cheyne-Stokes respiration, the brain's respiratory control centers are imbalanced during sleep. [65]
Periodic breathing is clusters of breaths separated by intervals of apnea or near-apnea. As opposed to normal breathing which is usually regular, periodic breathing is defined as three or more episodes of central apnea lasting at least 4 seconds, separated by no more than 30 seconds of normal breathing.
The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body.The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode.
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is a breathing pattern consisting of alternating periods of rapid and slow breathing, which may result from a brain stem injury. [12] Cheyne-Stokes respiration may be observed in newborn babies, but this is occasionally physiological (normal). Chest retractions may be observed in patients with asthma.
Central sleep apnea due to Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern 768.04 R06.3 Central sleep apnea due to high altitude periodic breathing 327.22 G47.32 Central sleep apnea due to a medical condition, not Cheyne-Stokes 327.27 G47.31 Central sleep apnea due to a drug or substance 327.29 F10-19 Primary sleep apnea of infancy 770.81 P28.3
This gives the lower of the average rate at 12 breaths per minute. Average resting respiratory rates by age are: [11] [self-published source] [12] birth to 6 weeks: 30–40 breaths per minute; 6 months: 25–40 breaths per minute; 3 years: 20–30 breaths per minute; 6 years: 18–25 breaths per minute; 10 years: 17–23 breaths per minute