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Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they must develop direct methods of transmission, between hosts, in order to survive. The mobility of animals increases the mechanisms of viral transmission that have evolved, whereas plants remain immobile, and thus plant viruses must rely on environmental factors to be transmitted between hosts.
Plant virus transmission strategies in insect vectors. Plant viruses need to be transmitted by a vector, most often insects such as leafhoppers. One class of viruses, the Rhabdoviridae, has been proposed to actually be insect viruses that have evolved to replicate in plants. The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the ...
Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are ...
These viruses shared a common ancestry 6,600 years ago [10] and are transmitted by over 200 species of aphids. [citation needed] The species in the genus Macluravirus are 650–675 nm in length and are also transmitted by aphids. The plant viruses in the genus Ipomovirus are transmitted by whiteflies and they are 750–950 nm long.
Seed and pollen transmission has been documented in certain potyvirus species, for instance in PVY and Turnip mosaic virus (Potyvirus rapae, TUMV). [35] Vegetative transmission by infected tubers or grafting material are of particular concern for certain agricultural crops, such as potato and fruit trees, respectively.
Caulimoviridae is a family of viruses infecting plants. [1] There are 94 species in this family, assigned to 11 genera. [2] [3] Viruses belonging to the family Caulimoviridae are termed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) reverse-transcribing viruses (or pararetroviruses) i.e. viruses that contain a reverse transcription stage in their replication cycle.
A movement protein (MP) is a specific virus-encoded protein that is thought to be a general feature of plant genomes. For a virus to infect a plant, it must be able to move between cells so it can spread throughout the plant. Plant cell walls make this moving/spreading quite difficult and therefore, for this to occur, movement proteins must be ...
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) was originally discovered in the mid-1990s in greenhouse-grown tomato plants in north-central Florida, USA. [2] It is an emerging whitefly-transmitted virus that can be found in a variety of tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas around the world. [ 3 ]