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Degree of curve or degree of curvature is a measure of curvature of a circular arc used in civil engineering for its easy use in layout surveying. Definition [ edit ]
Rankine's method or tangential angle method is an angular technique for laying out circular curves by a combination of chaining and angles at circumference, fully exploiting the theodolite and making a substantial improvement in accuracy and productivity over existing methods. This method requires access to only one road/path of communication ...
Similar curves are on railways and canals. Curves provided in the horizontal plane are known as horizontal curves and are generally circular or parabolic. Curves provided in the vertical plane are known as vertical curve. Five types of horizontal curves on roads and railways: Simple curve; Compound curve; Transition curve; Reverse curve ...
Note that changing F into –F would not change the curve defined by F(x, y) = 0, but it would change the sign of the numerator if the absolute value were omitted in the preceding formula. A point of the curve where F x = F y = 0 is a singular point, which means that the curve is not differentiable at this point, and thus that the curvature is ...
The Hallade survey is a survey method that uses the same principle to measure the versines along an existing curve. Based on the versine values, the radius of that circular curved track can be approximated to: [ 4 ]
In parametric adjustment, one can find an observation equation h(X) = Y relating observations Y explicitly in terms of parameters X (leading to the A-model below). In conditional adjustment , there exists a condition equation which is g ( Y ) = 0 involving only observations Y (leading to the B-model below) — with no parameters X at all.
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The safety of a horizontal curve is affected by the length of the curve, the curve radius, whether spiral transition curves are used, and the superelevation of the roadway. For a given curve deflection, crashes are more likely on curves with a smaller radius. Spiral transitions decrease crashes, and insufficient superelevation increases crashes.