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  2. Constant-Q transform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-Q_transform

    Darker pixels correspond to higher values of the Constant-Q transform. The peaks correspond closely to the precise frequencies of the vibrating piano strings. Thus the peaks can be used to detect the notes played on the piano. The lowest 3 peaks are the fundamental frequencies of the C major chord (C, E, G).

  3. Least-squares spectral analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-squares_spectral...

    Palmer has developed a method for finding the best-fit function to any chosen number of harmonics, allowing more freedom to find non-sinusoidal harmonic functions. [23] His is a fast ( FFT -based) technique for weighted least-squares analysis on arbitrarily spaced data with non-uniform standard errors.

  4. Curve fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_fitting

    Fitting of a noisy curve by an asymmetrical peak model, with an iterative process (Gauss–Newton algorithm with variable damping factor α).Curve fitting [1] [2] is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, [3] possibly subject to constraints.

  5. Multivariate kernel density estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_kernel...

    kde2d.m A Matlab function for bivariate kernel density estimation. libagf A C++ library for multivariate, variable bandwidth kernel density estimation. akde.m A Matlab m-file for multivariate, variable bandwidth kernel density estimation. helit and pyqt_fit.kde Module in the PyQt-Fit package are Python libraries for multivariate kernel density ...

  6. Fourier transform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform

    Therefore, the Fourier transform goes from one space of functions to a different space of functions: functions which have a different domain of definition. In general, ξ {\displaystyle \xi } must always be taken to be a linear form on the space of its domain, which is to say that the second real line is the dual space of the first real line.

  7. Spectral leakage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_leakage

    The Fourier transform of a function of time, s(t), is a complex-valued function of frequency, S(f), often referred to as a frequency spectrum.Any linear time-invariant operation on s(t) produces a new spectrum of the form H(f)•S(f), which changes the relative magnitudes and/or angles of the non-zero values of S(f).

  8. Nonlinear programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_programming

    NLopt (C/C++ implementation, with numerous interfaces including Julia, Python, R, MATLAB/Octave), includes various nonlinear programming solvers; SciPy (de facto standard for scientific Python) has scipy.optimize solver, which includes several nonlinear programming algorithms (zero-order, first order and second order ones).

  9. Successive parabolic interpolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successive_parabolic...

    Successive parabolic interpolation is a technique for finding the extremum (minimum or maximum) of a continuous unimodal function by successively fitting parabolas (polynomials of degree two) to a function of one variable at three unique points or, in general, a function of n variables at 1+n(n+3)/2 points, and at each iteration replacing the "oldest" point with the extremum of the fitted ...