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Light (L) — aircraft types of 7,000 kg or less. Medium (M) — aircraft types more than 7,000 kg but less than 136,000 kg; and; Heavy (H) — all aircraft types of 136,000 kg or more, with the exception of aircraft types in Super (J) category; and; Super (J) — aircraft types specified as such in ICAO Doc 8643, Aircraft Type Designators.
ICAO mandates wake turbulence categories based upon the maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of the aircraft. These are used for separation of aircraft during take-off and landing. Wake vortices from a landing Airbus at Oakland International Airport interact with the sea as they descend to ground level.
As stated by the U.S. FAA, The pilot has the ultimate responsibility for ensuring appropriate separations and positioning of the aircraft in the terminal area to avoid the wake turbulence created by a preceding aircraft. [1] There are three sets of flight rules under which an aircraft can be flown: Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
From 2009 through 2018, it found that turbulence accounted for more than a third of reported events and most resulted in one or more serious injuries, but no aircraft damage. Yet fatal turbulence ...
The U.S. Army Signal Corps purchased a Wright Model A on 2 August 1909 which became the first military aircraft in history. [2] In 1911, the Italians used a variety of aircraft types in reconnaissance, photo-reconnaissance, and bombing roles during the Italo-Turkish War. [3]
The Dryden wind turbulence model, also known as Dryden gusts, is a mathematical model of continuous gusts accepted for use by the United States Department of Defense in certain aircraft design and simulation applications. [1]
Everything you need to know about how turbulence can impact your flight
On February 6, 1991, a USAF Boeing KC-135 military aircraft, operating as U.S. Air Force Flight WHALE 05, took off from Prince Abdullah Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, while en route on a Gulf War refueling mission. the aircraft lost engines 1 and 2 while flying over the Saudi Arabian desert and to counteract the plane's descent, the pilots began to dump fuel from the aircraft.