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Often, amphiphilic species have several lipophilic parts, several hydrophilic parts, or several of both. Proteins and some block copolymers are such examples. [citation needed] Amphiphilic compounds have lipophilic (typically hydrocarbon) structures and hydrophilic polar functional groups (either ionic or uncharged). [citation needed]
block copolymer: A copolymer that is a block polymer. In the constituent macromolecules of a block copolymer , adjacent blocks are constitutionally different, i.e. adjacent blocks comprise constitutional unit derived from different species of monomer or from the same species of monomer but with a different composition or sequence distribution ...
PEG has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes. [18] PEG is a component of the propellent used in UGM-133M Trident II Missiles, in service with the United States Navy. [19] PEG has been used as a solvent for aryl thioether synthesis. [20]
A more efficient analysis of copolymer molecular mass and composition is possible using GPC combined with a triple-detection system comprising multi-angle light scattering, UV absorption and differential refractometry, if the copolymer is composed of two base polymers that provide different responses to UV and/or refractive index. [4]
Because of their amphiphilic structures, the polymers have surfactant properties that make them useful in industrial applications. Among other things, they can be used to increase the water solubility of hydrophobic, oily substances or otherwise increase the miscibility of two substances with different hydrophobicities.
Graft copolymers are a branched copolymer where the components of the side chain are structurally different than that of the main chain. Graft copolymers containing a larger quantity of side chains are capable of wormlike conformation, compact molecular dimension, and notable chain end effects due to their confined and tight fit structures. [1]
Glycoproteins have distinct Oligosaccharide structures which have significant effects on many of their properties, [11] affecting critical functions such as antigenicity, solubility, and resistance to proteases. Glycoproteins are relevant as cell-surface receptors, cell-adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins, and tumor antigens. [12]
These arms can be chemically identical (homostars) or different (heteroarm stars). Additionally, individual arms may be composed of multiple polymers, resulting in star-block polymers or star copolymers. The unique properties of star-shaped polymers come from their chemical structure as well as the length and number of their arms. [13]