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  2. Arc elasticity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_elasticity

    The y arc elasticity of x is defined as: , = % % where the percentage change in going from point 1 to point 2 is usually calculated relative to the midpoint: % = (+) /; % = (+) /. The use of the midpoint arc elasticity formula (with the midpoint used for the base of the change, rather than the initial point (x 1, y 1) which is used in almost all other contexts for calculating percentages) was ...

  3. Midpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint

    Given two points of interest, finding the midpoint of the line segment they determine can be accomplished by a compass and straightedge construction.The midpoint of a line segment, embedded in a plane, can be located by first constructing a lens using circular arcs of equal (and large enough) radii centered at the two endpoints, then connecting the cusps of the lens (the two points where the ...

  4. Midpoint method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint_method

    The midpoint method computes + so that the red chord is approximately parallel to the tangent line at the midpoint (the green line). In numerical analysis , a branch of applied mathematics , the midpoint method is a one-step method for numerically solving the differential equation ,

  5. Conditional probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability...

    The conditional distribution contrasts with the marginal distribution of a random variable, which is its distribution without reference to the value of the other variable. If the conditional distribution of Y {\displaystyle Y} given X {\displaystyle X} is a continuous distribution , then its probability density function is known as the ...

  6. Conditional variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_variance

    In words: the variance of Y is the sum of the expected conditional variance of Y given X and the variance of the conditional expectation of Y given X. The first term captures the variation left after "using X to predict Y", while the second term captures the variation due to the mean of the prediction of Y due to the randomness of X.

  7. Conditional expectation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expectation

    The conditional expectation of given is the up to a -nullset unique and integrable -valued -measurable random variable ⁡ satisfying ∫ H E ⁡ ( X ∣ H ) d P = ∫ H X d P {\displaystyle \int _{H}\operatorname {E} (X\mid {\mathcal {H}})\,\mathrm {d} P=\int _{H}X\,\mathrm {d} P}

  8. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

    Let (x,y) mark the coordinates of the needle's midpoint and let φ mark the angle formed by the needle and the x-axis. Similar to the examples described above, we consider x, y, φ to be independent uniform random variables over the ranges 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, − ⁠ π / 2 ⁠ ≤ φ ≤ ⁠ π / 2 ⁠.

  9. Midpoint circle algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint_circle_algorithm

    Yes or No) and there is a variable assignment, which is also not considered an arithmetic operation. The initialization in the first line (shifting by 4 bits to the right) is only due to beauty and not really necessary. So we get countable operations within main-loop: The comparison x >= y (is counted as a subtraction: x - y >= 0) y=y+1 [y++ ...