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  2. Cut and fill - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_and_fill

    A mass haul diagram where land and rock cuts are hauled to fills Fill construction in 1909 Cut & Fill Software showing cut areas highlighted in red and fill areas shaded in blue. In earthmoving , cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway , road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill ...

  3. Spoil (archaeology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoil_(archaeology)

    In archaeology, spoil is the term used for the soil, dirt and rubble that results from an excavation, and discarded off site on spoil heaps. These heaps are commonly accessed by barrow runs . Spoil management

  4. Earthworks (engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)

    Excavation may be classified by type of material: [1]: 13.1 Topsoil excavation; Earth excavation; Rock excavation; Muck excavation – this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil; Unclassified excavation – this is any combination of material types; Excavation may be classified by the purpose: [1]: 13.1, 13.2

  5. Cut (earthworks) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)

    Cuts are typically used in road, rail, and canal construction to reduce a route's length and grade. Cut and fill construction uses the spoils from cuts to fill in defiles to create straight routes at steady grades cost-effectively. Cuts are used as alternatives to indirect routes, embankments, or viaducts.

  6. Overburden - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overburden

    Overburden is also used for all soil and ancillary material above the bedrock horizon in a given area.. By analogy, overburden is also used to describe the soil and other material that lies above a specific geologic feature, such as a buried astrobleme, or above an unexcavated site of archeological interest.

  7. Post-excavation analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis

    Diagram describing major steps in post-excavation analysis [1] Post-excavation analysis constitutes processes that are used to study archaeological materials after an excavation is completed. Since the advent of "New Archaeology" in the 1960s, the use of scientific techniques in archaeology has grown in importance. [ 2 ]

  8. Spoil tip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoil_tip

    A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, [1] culm bank, gob pile, waste tip [2] or bing) [3] is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining. [4] Spoil tips are not formed of slag , but in some areas, such as England and Wales , they are referred to as slag heaps .

  9. Rescue archaeology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_archaeology

    Horse grave in a Roman moat in the heart of London, England. Rescue archaeology, sometimes called commercial archaeology, preventive archaeology, salvage archaeology, contract archaeology, developer-funded archaeology, [1] or compliance archaeology, is state-sanctioned, archaeological survey and excavation carried out as part of the planning process in advance of construction or other land ...