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Piperidine is widely used to convert ketones to enamines. [23] Enamines derived from piperidine are substrates in the Stork enamine alkylation reaction. [24] Upon treatment with calcium hypochlorite, piperidine converts to N-chloropiperidine, a chloramine with the formula C 5 H 10 NCl.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Due to its poor solubility in water, piperine is typically extracted from black pepper by using organic solvents like dichloromethane. [5] The amount of piperine varies from 1–2% in long pepper, to 5–10% in commercial white and black peppers.
The nearer two molecules are in this three-dimensional space, the more likely they are to dissolve into each other. To determine if the parameters of two molecules (usually a solvent and a polymer) are within range, a value called interaction radius ( R 0 {\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {0} }} ) is given to the substance being dissolved.
Piperidine is produced by hydrogenation of pyridine with a nickel-, cobalt-, or ruthenium-based catalyst at elevated temperatures. [100] The hydrogenation of pyridine to piperidine releases 193.8 kJ/mol, [101] which is slightly less than the energy of the hydrogenation of benzene (205.3 kJ/mol). [101]
Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solvent divided by the density of water at the same temperature. As such, specific gravity is a unitless value. It readily communicates whether a water-insoluble solvent will float (SG < 1.0) or sink (SG > 1.0) when mixed with water.
Dimethylpiperidines are derivatives of the heterocycle piperidine, wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by methyl groups. The 2,6-dimethylpiperidines are prepared by reduction of 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine). The achiral isomer is the predominant isomer produced in this reaction.
Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol ...