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An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR), also called immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction, is a life-threatening reaction to receiving a blood transfusion. AHTRs occur within 24 hours of the transfusion and can be triggered by a few milliliters of blood. The reaction is triggered by host antibodies destroying donor red blood cells.
If a person without a Kidd blood antigen (for example a Jka-Jkb+ patient) receives a Kidd antigen (Jka-antigen for example) in a red blood cell transfusion and forms an alloantibody (anti-Jka); upon subsequent transfusion with Jka-antigen positive red blood cells, the patient may have a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction as their anti-Jka antibody hemolyzes the transfused Jka-antigen ...
[3] An example of complement dependent type II hypersensitivity is an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction following transfusion of ABO incompatible blood. [4] Preformed antibody (predominantly IgM) against donor red cell antigens not found in an individual of a particular blood group (e.g. anti-A IgM in an individual with blood group B), bind to the donor red cell surface and lead to rapid ...
Lists of causes: [3] Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia; Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia/paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria; Acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions; ABO hemolytic diseases of newborn/Rh hemolytic disease of newborn; Hereditary spherocytosis; Intravenous water infusion or drowning (fresh water) Hypophosphatemia ...
Kidd antibodies are dangerous as they are capable of causing severe acute hemolytic transfusion reactions. They are unique in that they are capable of dropping to low or even undetectable levels after several months following an exposure. [5] Thus, on pre-transfusion testing, an anti-Jka or -Jkb may go undetected.
They can be found circulating in the blood, which differentiates serum sickness from serum sickness-like reaction. [4] The result is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. [2] This results in hypocomplementemia, a low C3 level in serum. [2] They can also cause more reactions, causing the typical symptoms of serum sickness.
Patients diagnosed with TACO should have at least 1 of the following two characteristics within 12 hours after the transfusion was ended: Acute or worsening respiratory distress (tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, and/or hypoxemia) in the absence of other causes; Evidence of acute or worsening pulmonary edema (by physical examination or chest imaging)
Immune-mediated hemolytic reactions caused by IgG, Rh, Kell, Duffy, or other non-ABO antibodies typically result in extravascular sequestration, shortened survival of transfused red cells, and relatively mild clinical reactions. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions due to immune hemolysis may occur in patients who have no antibodies detectable ...