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Tragacanth is a natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern legumes of the genus Astragalus, including A. adscendens, A. gummifer, [1] A. brachycalyx, [2] [3] and A. tragacantha. Some of these species are known collectively under the common names "goat's thorn" and "locoweed".
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Astragalus gummifer (tragacanth, gum tragacanth milkvetch), is a small woody evergreen shrub, with a typical height and spread of 30 cm at maturity, indigenous to western Asia, specifically Iran, Iraq and Turkey. This nitrogen fixing plant bears hermaphroditic flowers, which are bee-pollinated.
In pre-modern medicine, the name diatragacanth was applied to certain powders that contain the natural gum tragacanth as its basis. There are two kinds: cold and hot. Powder of cold diatragacanth is composed of the gums tragacanth and Arabic, liquorice, starch, white poppy seed, and the four great cold seeds (cucumber, gourd, watermelon, and melon).
Humans have used natural gums for various purposes, including chewing and the manufacturing of a wide range of products – such as varnish and lacquerware.Before the invention of synthetic equivalents, trade in gum formed part of the economy in places such as the Arabian peninsula (whence the name "gum arabic"), West Africa, [3] East Africa and northern New Zealand ().
Gum karaya or gum sterculia, also known as Indian gum tragacanth, is a vegetable gum produced as an exudate by trees of the genus Sterculia. Chemically, gum karaya is an acid polysaccharide composed of the sugars galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid. It is used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, as a laxative, and as a denture adhesive.