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No effective treatment is known for any of these disorders. 80% of these affect the nervous system. [citation needed] Acquired alterations: In this second group the main disorders are infectious diseases, autoimmune illnesses or cancer. In these cases, the changes in glycosylation are the cause of certain biological events.
Changes in O-glycosylation are extremely common in cancer. O-glycan structures, and especially the terminal Lewis epitopes, are important in allowing tumor cells to invade new tissues during metastasis. [6] Understanding these changes in O-glycosylation of cancer cells can lead to new diagnostic approaches and therapeutic opportunities. [1]
There are two main classes of glycosylases: monofunctional and bifunctional. Monofunctional glycosylases have only glycosylase activity, whereas bifunctional glycosylases also possess AP lyase activity that permits them to cut the phosphodiester bond of DNA, creating a single-strand break without the need for an AP endonuclease.
Modulating the pyrimidine metabolism pharmacologically has therapeutical uses, and could implement in cancer treatment. [10] Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors are used in active moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, as well as in multiple sclerosis.
Irinotecan, sold under the brand name Camptosar among others, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat colon cancer and small cell lung cancer. [8] For colon cancer it is used either alone or with fluorouracil. [8] For small cell lung cancer it is used with cisplatin. [8] It is given intravenously. [8]
Pyrimidine dimers encompass several types, each with distinct structures and implications for DNA integrity. [ citation needed ] Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is a dimer which features a four-membered ring formed by the fusion of two double-bonded carbons from adjacent pyrimidines.
A convergence between phenotypic and metabolic state transitions that confers a survival advantage to cancer cells against clinically used drug combinations like taxanes and anthracyclines have also been reported while drug resistant cancer cells had increased activity of both the glycolytic and oxidative pathways and glucose flux through the ...
One such therapy involves the use of enzyme inhibitors that target those enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cancer-associated glycans. [7] Another treatment is cancer immunotherapy , which directs the immune system to attack tumor cells expressing the targeted altered glycoconjugates .