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The magnetocaloric effect can be quantified with the following equation: = ((,)) ((,)) where is the adiabatic change in temperature of the magnetic system around temperature T, H is the applied external magnetic field, C is the heat capacity of the working magnet (refrigerant) and M is the magnetization of the refrigerant.
Pulsed-power water treatment is the process of using pulsed, electro-magnetic fields into cooling water to control scaling, biological growth, and corrosion.The process does not require the use of chemicals and helps eliminate environmental and health issues associated with the use and life-cycle management of chemicals used to treat water. [1]
A special coil is placed near the metallic workpiece, replacing the pusher in traditional forming. When the system releases its intense magnetic pulse, the coil generates a magnetic field which in turn accelerates the workpiece to hyper speed [quantify] and onto the die. The magnetic pulse and the extreme deformation speed transforms the metal ...
The pressure varies gradually and the velocities of the gas are low. So the name "pulse" tube cooler is misleading, since there are no pulses in the system. The piston moves periodically from left to right and back. As a result, the gas also moves from left to right and back while the pressure within the system increases and decreases.
In a typical two-stage refrigerator, the first stage will offer higher cooling capacity but at higher temperature (≈ 77 K) with the second stage reaching ≈ 4.2 K and < 2.0 W of cooling power. In use, the first stage is used primarily for ancillary cooling of the cryostat with the second stage used primarily for cooling the magnet.
The refrigeration requirements here is defined as electrical power to operate the refrigeration system. As the stored energy increases by a factor of 100, refrigeration cost only goes up by a factor of 20. Also, the savings in refrigeration for an HTSC system is larger (by 60% to 70%) than for an LTSC systems.
Energy is typically stored as electric potential energy within capacitors, or in the case of explosive pulsed power, as chemical energy.The stored energy is released over a very short time scale resulting in a large amount of power being delivered to a load which can be used to study high energy density physics phenomena such as Inertial confinement fusion using a Z-pinch, and plasma physics ...
The current is fed through a conducting liquid. Two permanent magnets are arranged to produce a magnetic field B ap as shown in the figure. The supplied current has a current density (J) and the magnetic field associated with this current can be called "Reaction magnetic Field (b rc)". The two magnetic fields B ap and b rc attempt to align with ...