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Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica. Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than ...
Globally, about 40% of people have low back pain at some point in their lives, [7] with estimates as high as 80% of people in the developed world. [27] Approximately 9 to 12% of people (632 million) have low back pain at any given point in time, which was calculated to 7460 per 100,000 globally in 2020. [ 26 ]
CT scan image of large herniated disc in the lumbar spine. Removal of a disc at one level can lead to disc herniation at a different level at a later time. Even the most complete surgical excision of the disc still leaves 30–40% of the disc, which cannot be safely removed. This retained disc can re-herniate sometime after surgery.
Jensen and colleagues, in an MRI study of the lumbar spine in 98 asymptomatic adults, found that in more than half, there was a symmetrical extension of a disc (or discs) beyond the margins of the interspace (bulging). In 27 percent, there was a focal or asymmetrical extension of the disc beyond the margin of the interspace (protrusion), and in ...
Non-radicular back pain is most commonly caused by injury to the spinal muscles or ligaments, degenerative spinal disease or a herniated disc. [11] Disc herniation and foraminal stenosis are the most common causes of radiculopathy. [11] Imaging of the spine and laboratory tests is not recommended during the acute phase. [19]
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1]
In 90% of sciatica cases, this can occur as a result of a spinal disc bulge or herniation. [14] [28] Sciatica is generally caused by the compression of lumbar nerves L4 or L5 or sacral nerve S1. [29] Less commonly, sacral nerves S2 or S3 may cause sciatica. [29] Intervertebral spinal discs consist of an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner ...
In 1934, the work of Mixter and Barr shifted all emphasis in research and treatment from the sacroiliac to the herniated intervertebral disc, namely lumbar discs. [30] Medical focus on herniated discs was further forwarded by the invention of the MRI in 1977. [31] Over-diagnosis and attention on herniated discs has led to the SI joint becoming ...