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A contour line (also isoline, isopleth, isoquant or isarithm) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} parallel to the ( x , y ...
When the number of independent variables is two, a level set is called a level curve, also known as contour line or isoline; so a level curve is the set of all real-valued solutions of an equation in two variables x 1 and x 2.
The contour integral of a complex function: is a generalization of the integral for real-valued functions. For continuous functions in the complex plane , the contour integral can be defined in analogy to the line integral by first defining the integral along a directed smooth curve in terms of an integral over a real valued parameter.
Typical applications include the contour lines on topographic maps or the generation of isobars for weather maps. Marching squares takes a similar approach to the 3D marching cubes algorithm: Process each cell in the grid independently. Calculate a cell index using comparisons of the contour level(s) with the data values at the cell corners.
As a second example, consider calculating the residues at the singularities of the function = which may be used to calculate certain contour integrals. This function appears to have a singularity at z = 0, but if one factorizes the denominator and thus writes the function as = it is apparent that the singularity at z = 0 is a removable ...
It may be that the function f can be expressed as a quotient of two functions, () = (), where g and h are holomorphic functions in a neighbourhood of c, with h(c) = 0 and h'(c) ≠ 0. In such a case, L'Hôpital's rule can be used to simplify the above formula to:
Plot of the Rosenbrock function of two variables. Here a = 1 , b = 100 {\displaystyle a=1,b=100} , and the minimum value of zero is at ( 1 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (1,1)} . In mathematical optimization , the Rosenbrock function is a non- convex function , introduced by Howard H. Rosenbrock in 1960, which is used as a performance test problem for ...
Naturally the analogues of contour integrals will be harder to handle; when n = 2 an integral surrounding a point should be over a three-dimensional manifold (since we are in four real dimensions), while iterating contour (line) integrals over two separate complex variables should come to a double integral over a two